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style="font-family:宋體">)的測定</span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 生活污水與工業(yè)廢水含有大量有機物,這些有機物在水體中分解時(shí)要消耗大量溶解氧,從而破壞水體中氧的平衡,使水質(zhì)惡化。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 生化需氧量是屬于利用水中有機物在一定條件下所消耗的氧,用來(lái)表示水體中有機物的含量的一個(gè)重要指標。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 生化需氧量的經(jīng)典測定方法,是稀釋接種法。</span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong><span style="font-family:宋體">稀釋接種法（GB 7488-87）：</span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">1、方法原理</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 生化需氧量是指在一定條件下,微生物分解存在水中的某些可氧化物質(zhì)、特別是有機物所進(jìn)行的生物化學(xué)過(guò)程消耗溶解氧的量。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 于恒溫培養箱內在20±</span><span style="font-family:宋體">1℃培養5天,分別測定樣品培養前后的溶解氧,二者之差既為BOD</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">5</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">值,以氧的mg/L表示。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 本方法適用于測定BOD</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">5</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">范圍:2mg/L<C</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體"> BOD5</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體"><6000mg/L,當>6000時(shí),會(huì )因稀釋帶來(lái)誤差。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">2、儀器：</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(1)恒溫培養箱</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(2)5</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">20L細口玻璃瓶</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(3)1000</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">2000ml量筒</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(4)玻璃棒:50ml,棒的底端固定一個(gè)10號的帶有幾個(gè)小孔的橡膠塞。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(5)溶解氧瓶(碘量瓶)：250</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">300ml</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">試劑：</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(1)磷酸鹽緩沖溶液</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將8.5g磷酸二氫鉀(KH</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">PO</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">),21.75g磷酸氫二鉀(K</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">HPO</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">),33.4g七水合磷酸氫二鈉(Na</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">HPO</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">·7H</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">O),和1.7g氯化銨(NH</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">Cl)溶于水中,稀至1000ml。此溶液PH值為7.2</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(2)硫酸鎂溶液</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將22.5g七水合硫酸鎂(MgSO</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">·7H</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">O)溶于水中,稀至1000ml</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(3)氯化鈣溶液</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將27.5g無(wú)水氯化鈣溶于水中,稀至1000ml。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(4)氯化鐵溶液</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將0.25g六水合氯化鐵(FeCl</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">·6H</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">O)溶于水,稀至1000ml。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(5)鹽酸溶液(0.5mol/L)</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"> 將40ml濃鹽酸溶于水, 稀至1000ml。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(6)</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px">鈉堿</span><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溶液(0.5mol/L)</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將20g</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px">鈉堿</span><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溶于水, 稀至1000ml。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(7)葡萄糖</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">谷氨酸標準溶液</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">將葡萄糖和谷氨酸在103干燥1小時(shí)后,各稱(chēng)取150mg溶于水中,移入1000ml容量瓶中稀至標線(xiàn),臨用前配制。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(8)稀釋水</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">在5</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">20L玻璃瓶中裝入一定量的水,控制水溫在20℃左右,用曝氣機曝氣2</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">8小時(shí),使稀釋水中的溶解氧接近飽和。瓶口蓋以?xún)蓪蛹啿?，置?0℃培養箱內放置數小時(shí)，使水中溶解氧含量達到8mg/L左右。臨用前向每升水中加入氯化鈣、硫酸鎂、氯化鐵、磷酸緩沖液各1ml，混勻。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(9)接種液可選用以下幾種:</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px; line-height:1.6em">① 一般生活用水,放置一晝夜,取上清夜。</span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">②表層土壤水,取100g花園或植物生長(cháng)土壤,加1升水,靜置10分鐘,取上清夜。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">③污水廠(chǎng)出水</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">④含有城市污水的河水或湖水</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(10)接種稀釋水</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">每升稀釋水中接種的加入量：生活污水1</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">10ml;表層土壤水20</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">30 ml；河水或湖水10-100 ml。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">接種稀釋水pH值為7.2,配制后應立即使用。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">3、水樣的測定</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(1)不經(jīng)稀釋的水樣的測定</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">①將混勻水樣轉移入兩個(gè)溶解氧瓶中(轉移中不要出現氣泡),溢出少許,加塞。瓶?jì)炔粦魵馀荨?/span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">②其中一瓶隨即測定溶解氧，另一瓶口水封后放入培養箱，在20±1℃下培養5天</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">③5天后，測定溶解氧。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">④計算：</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(2)經(jīng)稀釋水樣的測定：</span></span></span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse; margin-left:5.4000pt; width:562px"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:center; width:86px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">水樣類(lèi)型</span></span></span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; width:158px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">參考值</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">稀釋系數</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:173px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">備注</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:center; width:86px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">地面水</span></span></span></p></td><td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:center; width:58px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">高錳酸鹽指數</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體"><5</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">---</span></span></span></p></td><td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align:center; width:173px"><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">高錳酸鹽與一定系數的乘積為稀釋倍數。使用稀釋水時(shí)，由COD值乘以系數，既為稀釋倍數，使用接種稀釋水時(shí)則只乘以系數</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">5</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">10</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">0.2 ，0.3</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">10</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">20</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">0.4 ，0.6</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">>20</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">0.5, 0.7 ,1.0</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; width:86px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">工業(yè)廢水</span></span></span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; width:58px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">重鉻酸鉀法</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">稀釋水</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">0.075,0.15,0.225</span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:center; width:101px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">接種稀釋水</span></span></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:center; width:144px"><p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">0.075,0.15,0.25</span></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">⑴一般稀釋法</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">①按選定的稀釋比例，在1000ml量筒內引入部分稀釋水；②加入需要量的混勻水樣，再引入稀釋水（或接種稀釋水）至800ml；</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">③用帶膠板的玻璃棒上下攪勻。攪拌時(shí)膠板不要露出水面，防止產(chǎn)生氣泡；</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">④將水樣裝入兩個(gè)溶解氧瓶?jì)?，測定當天溶解氧和培養5天后的溶解氧。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">⑤稀釋水同樣培養作空白實(shí)驗，測定5天前后的溶解氧。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">計算：</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px; line-height:1.6em">例如培養液的稀釋比為3%，即3份水樣，97份稀釋水，則f1</span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px; line-height:1.6em">=0.97，f2</span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px; line-height:1.6em">=0.03。</span></p><p style="margin-left:52.4000pt"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">※BOD</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋體">5</span></sub><span style="font-family:宋體">測定中,一般采用疊氮化納改良法測定溶解氧。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">4、注意事項</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(1)水樣pH值應在6.5</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">7.5范圍內,若超出可用鹽酸或</span></span></span><span style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:宋體; font-size:14px">鈉堿</span><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">調節pH近于7。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(2)水樣在采集和保存及操作過(guò)程中不要出現氣泡</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(3)水樣稀釋倍數超過(guò)100時(shí),要預先在容量瓶中用蒸餾水稀釋,再取適量進(jìn)行稀釋培養。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(4)檢查稀釋水和接種液的質(zhì)量和化驗人員的水平,可將20ml葡萄糖</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">谷氨酸標液用稀釋水稀至1000ml,按BOD的步驟操作,測得的值應在180</span><span style="font-family:times new roman">—</span><span style="font-family:宋體">230mg/L之間,否則,應找出原因所在。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體; line-height:1.6em">(5)在培養過(guò)程中注意及時(shí)添加封口水。</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="bd8lmiie" class="ly_PrevNext"> <ul> <li>上一篇：<a href="/Article-1212922.html">溶解氧的測定方法</a></li> <li>下一篇：<a href="/Article-1212124.html">化學(xué)需氧量的測定方法</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div 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